Standard Library Specification

This document defines the standard library specification for the YaoXiang programming language, including the core library, IO library, and math library.

Chapter 1: Core Library

1.1 Basic Types

The standard library provides implementations for the following basic types:

Type	Module	Description
`Option(T)`	`std.option`	Optional value type
`Result(T, E)`	`std.result`	Error handling type
`List(T)`	`std.collection`	Dynamic array
`Map(K, V)`	`std.collection`	Hash map
`String`	`std.string`	String type
`Array(T, N)`	`std.array`	Fixed-size array

1.2 Option Type

Option: (T: Type) -> Type = { some: (T) -> Option(T), none: () -> Option(T) }

Variant constructors:

Variant	Syntax	Description
`Option.some`	`Option.some(value)`	Has value
`Option.none`	`Option.none()`	No value

Common methods:

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// Check if has value
is_some: (self: Option(T)) -> Bool
is_none: (self: Option(T)) -> Bool

// Get value (may panic)
unwrap: (self: Option(T)) -> T

// Get value or default
unwrap_or: (self: Option(T), default: T) -> T

// Map value
map: (R: Type) -> ((self: Option(T), f: (T) -> R) -> Option(R))

1.3 Result Type

Result: (T: Type, E: Type) -> Type = { ok: (T) -> Result(T, E), err: (E) -> Result(T, E) }

Variant constructors:

Variant	Syntax	Description
`Result.ok`	`Result.ok(value)`	Success
`Result.err`	`Result.err(error)`	Error

Common methods:

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// Check if success
is_ok: (self: Result(T, E)) -> Bool
is_err: (self: Result(T, E)) -> Bool

// Get value (may panic)
unwrap: (self: Result(T, E)) -> T

// Get value or default
unwrap_or: (self: Result(T, E), default: T) -> T

// Map success value
map: (R: Type) -> ((self: Result(T, E), f: (T) -> R) -> Result(R, E))

// Map error value
map_err: (F: Type) -> ((self: Result(T, E), f: (E) -> F) -> Result(T, F))

1.4 Error Propagation

ErrorPropagate ::= Expr '?'

The ? operator automatically propagates errors of Result type:

// Returns value on success, returns err upward on failure
data = fetch_data()?

// Equivalent to
data = match fetch_data() {
    ok(v) => v
    err(e) => return err(e)
}

1.5 Assertions (std.assert)

The std.assert module provides a unified assertion mechanism — runtime assert and compile-time refinement type Assert are two sides of the same primitive.

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// IsTrue: bridging function from value to type
IsTrue: (b: Bool) -> Type = match b {
    true => Void,      // ⊤, program continues
    false => Never,    // ⊥, diverges
}

// Assert: compile-time refinement type primitive
Assert: (cond: Bool) -> Type = IsTrue(cond)

// assert: runtime assertion (value introduction form for Assert)
assert: (cond: Bool, ?msg: String | Error) -> Assert(IsTrue(cond))

// Result overload
assert: (result: Result) -> Assert(IsTrue(is_ok(result)))

Dispatch rules:

Condition	Behavior
All free variables of cond known at compile-time	Compiler evaluates, true → erase, false → compile error
Runtime free variables exist	Insert runtime check, inject flow-sensitive assumption set Γ

assert(false, "msg") is equivalent to raise — no separate throw/raise keyword needed.

Chapter 2: IO Library

2.1 Standard Input and Output

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// Standard output
print: (msg: String) -> Void
println: (msg: String) -> Void

// Standard input
read_line: () -> String
read_char: () -> Char

2.2 File Operations

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// File type
File: Type = {
    path: String,
    read: (self: File) -> Result(String, Error),
    write: (self: File, content: String) -> Result(Void, Error),
    append: (self: File, content: String) -> Result(Void, Error),
    close: (self: File) -> Void
}

// File operations
open: (path: String) -> Result(File, Error)
create: (path: String) -> Result(File, Error)
delete: (path: String) -> Result(Void, Error)

2.3 Directory Operations

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// Directory type
Dir: Type = {
    path: String,
    entries: (self: Dir) -> Result(List(String), Error),
    create: (self: Dir) -> Result(Void, Error),
    delete: (self: Dir) -> Result(Void, Error)
}

// Directory operations
read_dir: (path: String) -> Result(Dir, Error)
create_dir: (path: String) -> Result(Void, Error)
delete_dir: (path: String) -> Result(Void, Error)

Chapter 3: Math Library

3.1 Basic Math Functions

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// Absolute value
abs: (x: Int) -> Int
abs: (x: Float) -> Float

// Maximum and minimum
max: (a: Int, b: Int) -> Int
min: (a: Int, b: Int) -> Int
max: (a: Float, b: Float) -> Float
min: (a: Float, b: Float) -> Float

// Power operations
pow: (base: Float, exp: Float) -> Float
sqrt: (x: Float) -> Float

// Logarithms
log: (x: Float) -> Float
log2: (x: Float) -> Float
log10: (x: Float) -> Float

3.2 Trigonometric Functions

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// Trigonometric functions
sin: (x: Float) -> Float
cos: (x: Float) -> Float
tan: (x: Float) -> Float

// Inverse trigonometric functions
asin: (x: Float) -> Float
acos: (x: Float) -> Float
atan: (x: Float) -> Float
atan2: (y: Float, x: Float) -> Float

3.3 Constants

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// Mathematical constants
pi: Float = 3.141592653589793
e: Float = 2.718281828459045

Chapter 4: String Library

4.1 String Operations

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// String length
length: (s: String) -> Int

// String concatenation
concat: (a: String, b: String) -> String

// String splitting
split: (s: String, delimiter: String) -> List(String)

// String searching
find: (s: String, pattern: String) -> Option(Int)
contains: (s: String, pattern: String) -> Bool

// String replacement
replace: (s: String, old: String, new: String) -> String

// String trimming
trim: (s: String) -> String
trim_left: (s: String) -> String
trim_right: (s: String) -> String

4.2 String Conversion

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// Type conversion
to_string: (x: Int) -> String
to_string: (x: Float) -> String
to_string: (x: Bool) -> String

// Parsing
parse_int: (s: String) -> Result(Int, Error)
parse_float: (s: String) -> Result(Float, Error)

Chapter 5: Collection Library

5.1 List Type

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// List type
List: (T: Type) -> Type = {
    data: Array(T),
    length: Int,
    push: (T: Type) -> ((self: List(T), item: T) -> Void),
    pop: (T: Type) -> ((self: List(T)) -> Option(T)),
    get: (T: Type) -> ((self: List(T), index: Int) -> Option(T)),
    set: (T: Type) -> ((self: List(T), index: Int, value: T) -> Void),
    insert: (T: Type) -> ((self: List(T), index: Int, item: T) -> Void),
    remove: (T: Type) -> ((self: List(T), index: Int) -> Option(T)),
    clear: (T: Type) -> ((self: List(T)) -> Void),
    contains: (T: Type) -> ((self: List(T), item: T) -> Bool),
    sort: (T: Type) -> ((self: List(T)) -> List(T)),
    reverse: (T: Type) -> ((self: List(T)) -> List(T)),
    map: (T: Type, R: Type) -> ((self: List(T), f: (T) -> R) -> List(R)),
    filter: (T: Type) -> ((self: List(T), predicate: (T) -> Bool) -> List(T)),
    reduce: (T: Type, R: Type) -> ((self: List(T), initial: R, f: (R, T) -> R) -> R)
}

5.2 Map Type

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// Map type
Map: (K: Type, V: Type) -> Type = {
    data: Array((K, V)),
    length: Int,
    insert: (K: Type, V: Type) -> ((self: Map(K, V), key: K, value: V) -> Void),
    get: (K: Type, V: Type) -> ((self: Map(K, V), key: K) -> Option(V)),
    remove: (K: Type, V: Type) -> ((self: Map(K, V), key: K) -> Option(V)),
    contains_key: (K: Type, V: Type) -> ((self: Map(K, V), key: K) -> Bool),
    keys: (K: Type, V: Type) -> ((self: Map(K, V)) -> List(K)),
    values: (K: Type, V: Type) -> ((self: Map(K, V)) -> List(V)),
    clear: (K: Type, V: Type) -> ((self: Map(K, V)) -> Void)
}

Chapter 6: Iterator Library

6.1 Iterator trait

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// Iterator trait
Iterator: (T: Type) -> Type = {
    Item: T,
    next: () -> Option(T),
    has_next: () -> Bool,
    map: (R: Type) -> ((f: (T) -> R) -> Iterator(R)),
    filter: (predicate: (T) -> Bool) -> Iterator(T),
    collect: () -> List(T),
    reduce: (R: Type) -> ((initial: R, f: (R, T) -> R) -> R),
    for_each: (f: (T) -> Void) -> Void
}

6.2 Iterator Adapters

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// Range iterator
Range: Type = {
    start: Int,
    end: Int,
    step: Int,
    Iterator(Int)
}

// Usage
for i in 0..10 {
    print(i)
}

for i in 0..10 step 2 {
    print(i)
}

Appendix: Standard Library Module Index

Module	Description
`std.assert`	Assertion mechanism — runtime assert + compile-time Assert refinement
`std.option`	Option type
`std.result`	Result type
`std.collection`	Collection types like List, Map
`std.string`	String operations
`std.array`	Array operations
`std.iterator`	Iterator

A.2 IO Modules

Module	Description
`std.io`	Standard input/output
`std.file`	File operations
`std.dir`	Directory operations

A.3 Math Modules

Module	Description
`std.math`	Math functions
`std.math.trig`	Trigonometric functions
`std.math.log`	Logarithmic functions

A.4 Utility Modules

Module	Description
`std.random`	Random number generation
`std.time`	Time and date
`std.assert`	Unified compile-time `Assert(C)` and runtime `assert(x > 0)` (RFC-030)
`std.regex`	Regular expressions

Standard Library Specification ​

Chapter 1: Core Library ​

1.1 Basic Types ​

1.2 Option Type ​

1.3 Result Type ​

1.4 Error Propagation ​

1.5 Assertions (std.assert) ​

Chapter 2: IO Library ​

2.1 Standard Input and Output ​

2.2 File Operations ​

2.3 Directory Operations ​

Chapter 3: Math Library ​

3.1 Basic Math Functions ​

3.2 Trigonometric Functions ​

3.3 Constants ​

Chapter 4: String Library ​

4.1 String Operations ​

4.2 String Conversion ​

Chapter 5: Collection Library ​

5.1 List Type ​

5.2 Map Type ​

Chapter 6: Iterator Library ​

6.1 Iterator trait ​

6.2 Iterator Adapters ​

Appendix: Standard Library Module Index ​

A.2 IO Modules ​

A.3 Math Modules ​

A.4 Utility Modules ​

Standard Library Specification

Chapter 1: Core Library

1.1 Basic Types

1.2 Option Type

1.3 Result Type

1.4 Error Propagation

1.5 Assertions (std.assert)

Chapter 2: IO Library

2.1 Standard Input and Output

2.2 File Operations

2.3 Directory Operations

Chapter 3: Math Library

3.1 Basic Math Functions

3.2 Trigonometric Functions

3.3 Constants

Chapter 4: String Library

4.1 String Operations

4.2 String Conversion

Chapter 5: Collection Library

5.1 List Type

5.2 Map Type

Chapter 6: Iterator Library

6.1 Iterator trait

6.2 Iterator Adapters

Appendix: Standard Library Module Index

A.2 IO Modules

A.3 Math Modules

A.4 Utility Modules